Viruses have evolved strategies to protect infected cells from apoptotic clearance. We present evidence that HIV-1 possesses a mechanism to protect infected macrophages from the apoptotic effects of the death ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand). In HIV-1-infected macrophages. the viral envelope protein induced macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-... https://toyscyclers.shop/product-category/toy-airplanes/